The Riviera Las Vegas: A Historic Landmark Review
Intro
The Riviera Las Vegas is a name that evokes a sense of nostalgia for many, particularly those who experienced its glory days. Opened in 1955, it quickly became a focal point of the Las Vegas Strip, setting the tone for future developments in the gaming and entertainment sectors. This article dives into its storied past, exploring the unique blend of history, culture, and design that made the Riviera a landmark in its time.
Throughout this narrative, we will dissect key elements that contributed to its legendary status. From the distinctive architectural elements that set it apart from its contemporaries to the cultural events that unfolded within its walls, every facet will be assessed. Additionally, we will investigate the casino's influence on gaming culture, providing insight into why it became synonymous with the Las Vegas experience. The eventual closure of the Riviera will also be examined, as will its transformation in alignment with current trends in Las Vegas.
This analytical journey aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the Riviera’s role in shaping both the gambling landscape and the broader entertainment milieu. We invite both casino aficionados and casual readers alike to reflect on a piece of history that continues to resonate today.
Preface to the Riviera Las Vegas
The Riviera Las Vegas stands as a testament to the evolution of entertainment and gambling in the iconic landscape of Las Vegas. Not just any hotel or casino, the Riviera embodies the fervor of an era where glamour and allure reigned supreme on the Strip. Through this section, we’ll delve into its historical significance, spotlighting why this particular venue is still a touchstone in discussions around gambling and leisure.
Historical Context
The Riviera opened its doors in 1955, carving a niche in a rapidly growing industry dominated by flashier competitors. It was not just brick and mortar; it represented a cultural shift. Back in the day, the casino was a launching pad for many entertainers who’d go on to become legends, setting a stage for the likes of Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin. The hotel also played a crucial role in the integration of entertainment within the gaming industry, a transformative dynamic that shifted how this sector operated.
This timeframe was crucial, especially during the 60s and 70s, when the tapestry of the Las Vegas Strip was being woven through a mix of ambition and innovation. The Riviera, with its rich array of entertainment options, became a mainstay while blending seamlessly into the landscape of glamour and fast-paced living that characterized Las Vegas. Its historical footprint is not merely about the bricks that built it but about the cultural landscape it helped shape—it's about the people who spent their nights under vibrant lights, laughter echoing through the halls, and fortunes that rose and fell with each spin of the roulette wheel.
Opening and Early Days
The ribbon-cutting ceremony for the Riviera was nothing short of spectacular. Here was a casino that dared to be different—it was the first hotel on the Strip to feature the renowned “big box” design, which was revolutionary at that time. Designed by architect Paul Revere Williams, the Riviera featured a striped exterior and an extravagant pool area that instantly captured the hearts of travelers looking for a taste of luxury.
In its initial years, the Riviera quickly made a name for itself, not just as a venue for gambling but as an entertainment powerhouse. The early days were marked by vibrant performances, with shows that brought in large crowds, filled not just with tourists, but local residents eager to experience the magic of live entertainment. Trips to the Riviera weren't merely about gaming—they were entire evenings devoted to spectacular performances, fine dining, and the enchanting atmosphere of a glamorous retreat.
As the decade progressed, the Riviera maintained its status as a beloved destination. The blend of upscale accommodations and top-notch entertainment made it a quintessential part of the early Las Vegas narrative. Handling the ever-changing dynamics of the gambling industry, the Riviera paved the way for casinos that followed in its footsteps, with various innovative offerings that would shape how casinos functioned in the Las Vegas context.
As we move forward in this retrospective journey, it crucially sets the stage for examining the characteristic features of this iconic property, and its riveting entertainment offerings that defined not just the Riviera itself, but Las Vegas as a whole.
Architectural Features
The Riviera Las Vegas stands as a testament to mid-century modern architecture that redefined the look and feel of casinos on the famous Las Vegas Strip. Its architectural features played a significant role in attracting visitors and setting the tone for future developments in the area. From its opening in 1955, the Riviera encapsulated a style that was both glamorous and inviting, capturing the essence of a leisurely escape. The design was not merely for aesthetics; it served broader purposes, including enhancing visitor experience and contributing to the overall atmosphere of excitement.
Distinctive Design Elements
Right from the get-go, the Riviera was a marvel of design, characterized by its sleek lines and bold colors. The famous neon sign, which graced the entrance, became one of the iconic symbols of not just the Riviera but of Las Vegas as a whole. The sign was more than eye-catching; it was a beacon for the glitzy lifestyle that the Riviera promised.
Additionally, the lobby’s spacious layout featured high ceilings adorned with fabulous chandeliers that evoked sophistication. The use of certain elements like natural stone and vibrant murals contributed to a sense of opulence. Visitors often felt enveloped in luxury, a feeling optimized by the casino's well-placed gaming tables and slot machines that invited gamblers to try their luck.
An interesting design aspect was the inclusion of outdoor spaces, encouraging guests to enjoy the warm desert air. The open-air pool area, surrounded by palm trees, provided a lush oasis for relaxation. It wasn’t just a pool but an experience, complete with poolside bars and towering palms, making it a favorite spot for guests trying to escape the casinos.
Comparative Analysis with Peers
When you cast an eye over the architectural landscape of Las Vegas in the mid-20th century, the Riviera holds a unique place. It stood as a competitor to other casinos like the Sands and the Dunes, each vying for the attention of tourists and high rollers. While properties like the Sands boasted a more eclectic mix of Mediterranean motifs, the Riviera leaned heavily into the modernist trends that spoke to the post-war American zeitgeist.
The design also embraced a blend of form and function that was perhaps more refined than some of its contemporaries. For instance, the Riviera's extensive usage of glass and openness to the outdoors created a seamless transition between the gaming floor and the natural world outside—a concept not fully realized until much later.
The Riviera, while competing, carved its identity through subtle sophistication and charming nostalgia. It didn’t rely solely on scale or flash; rather, it cultivated an environment where gamblers could feel both chic and relaxed. The casino's ability to harness the flowing lines, natural light, and vibrant colors set it apart—attributes that some other casinos were yet to master.
Overall, these architectural features shaped not just the image of the Riviera but also influenced the entire gambling culture in Las Vegas, creating a blueprint for aspirational leisure spaces that followed.
Entertainment Offerings
The entertainment offerings at the Riviera Las Vegas were, without a doubt, a significant pillar of its identity and allure. In a city where glitz and glamour reign supreme, this establishment carved out a niche that both defined and enhanced the experience for its visitors. From the outset, the Riviera sought to provide a diverse range of entertainment options, every bit as engaging as the gaming floors. These attractions not only contributed to the casino's revenue streams but also created a vibrant social scene that attracted locals and tourists alike.
Live Shows and Performances
One of the most alluring aspects of the Riviera was its live shows and performances. The venue hosted a plethora of entertainers, ranging from legendary musicians to innovative variety acts. This diversity catered to a wide array of tastes and preferences, ensuring that there was always something for everyone.
The Riviera made headlines for hosting renowned stars such as Liberace, whose flamboyant performances dazzled audiences and set a standard for entertainment in Las Vegas. The influence of such iconic shows, characterized by elaborate costumes and captivating stage designs, shaped expectations for live performances in the city and beyond.
Furthermore, the theater's seating arrangements allowed for intimate experiences, which contrasted with the more grandiose venues. Patrons felt a personal connection to the performances, enriching their overall experience at the casino. These shows helped solidify the Riviera's reputation as a premier destination for entertainment, contributing significantly to the cultural fabric of Las Vegas.
Moreover, as tastes evolved, the Riviera launched innovative shows, infusing elements of comedy and interactive performances that played to the crowds' delight. The presence of variety shows, cabaret performances, and themed events made the Riviera's entertainment scene a vital part of its charm.
"The Riviera was not just a hotel and a casino, it was a stage where legends were born and dreams fulfilled."
Celebrity Appearances and Events
In addition to the regular shows, celebrity appearances and special events made the Riviera a magnet for the rich and famous. The allure of rubbing shoulders with A-list stars added an exclusive feel to the casino, enhancing its status as a must-visit destination. Celebrities often graced the casino's floors, whether performing or attending private events.
Special tournaments or themed gala nights brought in big names in sports, music or even film, which created buzz across social media and mainstream channels. Such instances not only drew crowds but also shifted attention to the Riviera, turning it into a hot spot for gatherings that transcended mere gambling.
The ability of the Riviera to host high-profile events often led to unexpected interactions with celebrities, offering guests memorable experiences that weren't just about the spin of the wheel. The excitement of such experiences fostered a sense of community among guests who sought the thrill of possibly encountering their idols on the gambling floor.
In essence, the entertainment offerings at the Riviera Las Vegas were not just supplementary; they were integral to the Riviera experience, setting the stage for its legendary status in Las Vegas history. Whether it was through spellbinding live shows or star-studded events, the Riviera consistently delivered unforgettable moments that spoke to the heart of the Las Vegas experience.
Gambling Experience
The gambling experience at the Riviera Las Vegas was more than just about placing bets or spinning wheels. It was a detailed tapestry of sights, sounds, and emotions that wrapped around each guest like a warm blanket. The importance of this experience cannot be overstated; it was integral to what made the Riviera a cornerstone of the Las Vegas Strip. With each chip exchanged and every card dealt, gamblers entered into a realm that promised not just the thrill of winning, but also community and social engagement. A memory to be treasured often spurred on by the shared excitement of players at those crowded tables.
To really understand this experience, it's essential to look at the various aspects that shaped it:
- Atmosphere: The ambiance of a casino plays a pivotal role in enhancing the overall gambling experience. At the Riviera, bright lights, engaging sounds, and a buzzing energy created an inviting environment that hypnotized players into the world of chance.
- Variety of Games: Different people seek different thrills. The multitude of options meant that everyone, from high rollers to casual players, could find a game that suited their taste and betting style. It catered to every whim with games ranging from roulette to slots, poker, and beyond.
- Promotions and Bonuses: The Riviera often captivated players with enticing bonuses and promotions. These incentives not only attracted new players but also kept regulars coming back for more, fostering a loyalty that was beneficial both for the casino and the patrons.
- Customer Service: Excellent dealer and staff interactions created a comfortable space where gamblers could explore their thrills. Friendly croupiers and attentive hosts elevated the experience, making it memorable.
More than just a pastime, it acted as a catalyst for camaraderie. Who doesn’t remember sharing a laugh over a lost hand or celebrating a high-stakes win together? Gambling at the Riviera Las Vegas was about forming connections amid the chaos of chance, forging bonds between strangers united by the game.
Gaming Options Available
Diversity in gaming options was one of the shining features of the Riviera. It wasn’t just about quantity; the spectrum of choices provided an eclectic mix that appealed to a wide audience:
- Table Games: From blackjack to craps, the table games provided a traditional gambling experience. These offered both a challenge and a social aspect, allowing players to engage directly with others and the dealers.
- Slot Machines: The famed slot machines attracted both novice and experienced gamblers. With their flashy designs and easy playstyle, they were a cornerstone attraction. Varieties ranged from classic three-reel slots to the more advanced video slots loaded with themes and features.
- Poker Room: The poker room turned heads; it was often bustling and revered for its competitive spirit. Players enjoyed frequent tournaments, which drew in crowds eager to display their skills.
- High Roller Section: The high roller area gave an exclusive touch to high-stakes gamblers seeking both luxury and thrill. The lavish feng shui and ambiance enhanced their unique gaming experience.
"The range of games The Riviera offered indeed reflected its dedication to creating a remarkable gambler experience."
Casino Operations and Management
Successful casino operations hinge on seamless management and a well-orchestrated team. The Riviera was no slouch in this realm. Several core components facilitated an excellent gambling atmosphere that kept players returning:
- Efficient Operations: The casino thrived on its ability to run smoothly. Efficient cash handling, well-trained staff, and effective security protocols ensured that players could enjoy without interruptions.
- Marketing Strategies: Clever marketing brought in patrons. Special nights, guest appearances, and themed events kept the excitement in flow. The management's adept use of promotional campaigns gave life to the initial interest that many had in the establishment.
- Data-Driven Decision Making: Understanding player preferences through data allowed the Riviera to tailor gaming experiences. This meant that the management could design loyalty programs that rewarded it’s regulars and engaged newcomers effectively.
- Regulatory Compliance: Sticking to regulations is vital in gambling establishments. The Riviera’s management ensured that all guidelines were followed to maintain trust and integrity among players. This commitment helped build its reputation over time.
The gambling experience culminated in a delicate balance where thrilling game dynamics met professional operational excellence, creating an atmosphere that echoed throughout the vibrant halls of the Riviera Las Vegas.
Cultural Impact
The cultural impact of the Riviera Las Vegas is a captivating aspect that reveals a plethora of dimensions associated with this iconic casino. The establishment carved out a niche in the gambling narrative not just as a venue for games, but as a vibrant center of entertainment and lifestyle. It's crucial to delve into how the Riviera shaped the gaming culture, influenced a generation of gamblers, and marked its territory in the media landscape.
Influence on Gambling Culture
When the Riviera swung open its doors in 1955, it represented more than just another casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The Riviera played a stellar role in presenting gambling as a glamorous, mainstream entertainment option. At a time when casinos were often depicted with a degree of underworld stigma, the Riviera redefined this perception. Its lavish displays, fine dining, and star-studded performances created an aura of sophistication around the gambling scene.
- High-Stakes Poker: The Riviera’s poker rooms became a mecca for serious players. High-stakes games drew big names, transforming them into legendary gambling wars that echoed through many discussions about the casino culture.
- Bingo Halls: Alongside poker, it also popularized bingo, attracting diverse crowds - from seasoned gamblers to enthusiastic novices.
In this way, the Riviera bridged gaps between high rollers and casual players alike, encouraging a unique camaraderie within gambling communities. The robust event schedule often featured seemingly endless tournaments, elevating gaming to a competitive arena.
Representation in Media
The Riviera's cultural impact extended well beyond its physical walls; it was woven into the fabric of popular culture in numerous ways, particularly through film and television. Its presence shone in many cinematic portrayals as the epitome of Las Vegas glamour and excitement.
- Movies: Films like Ocean’s Eleven and Casino used the Riviera as backdrops which immortalized its grandeur on screen, celebrating both its opulence and the allure of the lifestyle it represented.
- Television Shows: In series such as Las Vegas, the Riviera was depicted prominently, paving the way for an even wider audience to recognize it as an iconic symbol of gambling.
Even further, the Riviera's ambiance reverberated through music, with artists like Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin often performing there, infusing the casino with a musical legacy that contributed to its status.
“The Riviera was a nexus where gambling fever met pop culture, shining like a neon beacon long after the lights dimmed.”
Its portrayal in media solidified the connection between gambling and entertainment, creating an impression that Las Vegas was not just a playhouse for adults but a cultural phenomenon.
In summary, the Riviera Las Vegas didn’t simply mark its place in history; it shaped the narrative of gambling culture while making a significant mark on media representations. Understanding this cultural impact is vital, as it foundation-lays how we perceive gambling in contemporary society.
The Closure of the Riviera
The closure of the Riviera Las Vegas marks a significant chapter in the story of not just this iconic hotel and casino, but the entire Las Vegas landscape. As an establishment that witnessed the evolution of gambling and entertainment over decades, the end of its operation in 2015 sent ripples through the community of gamblers, casino enthusiasts, and the broader cultural fabric of Las Vegas itself.
Reasons for Closure
The decision to shutter the Riviera was influenced by various economic and operational factors that reflected broader trends in the casino industry. Here are some of the most impactful elements:
- Changing Market Dynamics: As newer resorts emerged, equipped with modern amenities and lavish attractions, the Riviera struggled to compete. Its vintage charm could not fully counter the allure of high-end experiences offered by establishments like the Wynn and the Aria.
- Declining Visitor Numbers: Over the years, the Riviera saw a worrying decline in foot traffic. This drop was attributed, in part, to its position on the Strip, which became increasingly saturated with competitors that offered more appealing settings and attractions.
- Financial Challenges: The company managing the Riviera faced mounting financial pressure, leading to difficulty in maintaining operations. The costs of renovations were steep but necessary to keep up with market demands, and investors were often reluctant to inject cash into a struggling brand.
- Strategic Decisions: Ultimately, the decision may have been strategic as stakeholders looked to reposition the property for future development rather than continue operating a hotel and casino that was increasingly out of touch with modern visitor expectations.
"The Riviera's closure was not just the end of a casino, but the closure of a cultural artifact that encapsulated so much of Las Vegas's storied past."
Public Reaction
The public reaction to the Riviera's closure was a mixture of nostalgia, sadness, and curiosity about the future. For many, this establishment represented the golden age of Las Vegas, a time when an eclectic mix of prominent performers such as Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin graced its stages. As the news spread, several feelings emerged:
- Nostalgia: Regulars and loyalists mourned the loss of their beloved getaway spot, where many had shared cherished memories. It was not uncommon for patrons to recall their first visits, weddings held within its walls, or nights spent at the casino.
- Concerns over Erasure of History: The closing of such an old and storied establishment raised alarms among historians and preservationists. Concerns floated regarding the potential erasure of cultural touchstones in the relentless march of progress. The Riviera, in many eyes, was a living record of Las Vegas's evolution.
- Anticipation of Transformation: Amidst the sadness, there was also a sense of curiosity about what would come next. Could the site be reborn in a way that honors its past while ushering in new opportunities? Speculation about future developments set the stage for discussions about revitalization.
The closure of the Riviera Las Vegas may have put an end to its storied operations, but the discussions it prompted carry on, reflecting the complex relationship between nostalgia and progress in the realm of Las Vegas entertainment.
Rebirth of the Site
The journey of the Riviera Las Vegas is one of the most fascinating stories in the history of casinos. After its closure in 2015, the site didn't just sit idle; instead, it embarked on a transformative path that would change its identity and purpose. The rebirth of this iconic site holds significant importance in the narrative of Las Vegas. It reflects how the city adapts over time while preserving the remnants of its storied past.
Transformative Developments
Following its shutdown, the Riviera faced a fate that many historic establishments encounter—questionable future or total erasure from the landscape. However, instead of succumbing to the sands of time, the site began to attract attention from developers who saw potential for revitalization. Changes in the real estate landscape and a shift in the target audience for hospitality created a momentum to breathe new life into the area.
For instance, a major breakthrough came when the site was acquired by a prominent development group with a vision for a multi-use property. Plans were set forth to implement residential, commercial, and hospitality components, which are now crucial elements of modern Las Vegas strategies. This redevelopment aims not just to bring a new glimmer to the property but to create a destination that specializes in both tourists and locals alike.
This effort includes opening spaces that not only pay homage to the Riviera's past but also embrace what's next. Designs often involve keeping elements of the original aesthetics, which cannot be understated when you think about historical preservation. This merges nostalgia with contemporary necessities.
New Ventures and Listings
With development in full swing, the rebirth of the Riviera offers a platform for various new ventures. The attraction of this site extends beyond mere tourism; it creates a vibrant community atmosphere. Notably, the plans may include:
- Hotels with unique themes that stand out in a sea of cookie-cutter accommodations, emulating the Riviera's style.
- Entertainment venues suited for diverse performances, catering to all tastes—music, theater, and even emerging digital art projects.
- Retail spaces featuring exclusive brands and local artisans that offer a personalized shopping experience, moving away from the strip's often impersonal feel.
As the space comes alive again, listings in the area are sure to reflect the increasing demand. New apartments and housing will cater not only to residents but also to those who wish to invest in a living experience that is rich in history yet forward-thinking. This transformation encapsulates the essence of Las Vegas as a continually evolving city. In embracing the past while forging ahead, the Riviera's site stands as a testament to resilience and rebirth.
"Revitalization is not just about new construction; it's about breathing life into memories and crafting a future inspired by them."
As the layers of redevelopment unfold, the rebirth of the Riviera is more than just a restoration—it is a re-imagination. It is a story about blending history with modern expectations. With each brick laid, the narrative continues, welcoming a new chapter for future generations.
Legacy of the Riviera
The Riviera Las Vegas, with its vibrant history, has woven itself into the very fabric of Las Vegas and the broader gambling culture. This legacy is not merely about bricks and mortar; it encompasses the myriad experiences and memories etched in the minds of those who visited over the decades. The importance of the Riviera's legacy can be examined through various lenses, including its notable contributions to the gambling landscape and the enduring memories it created for countless patrons.
Notable Contributions
From its opening in 1955 until its closure, the Riviera rendered countless contributions to Las Vegas and the gaming industry. It spearheaded the trend of lavish resorts designed to cater to every whim of the visitor, embedding itself deeply in the cultural landscape. A few significant contributions include:
- Pioneering Entertainment: The Riviera was among the first to integrate high-quality entertainment into its offerings, showcasing Broadway-style revues that captivated audiences. Acts like the Rat Pack brought an allure that positioned the Riviera on the entertainment map.
- Innovative Gaming Spaces: With its expansive casino floor, the Riviera introduced gaming options that catered to both novice gamblers and seasoned pros. Its diverse gaming footprints paved the way for other casinos to follow suit in creating vibrant, immersive gaming environments.
- Transformation of Casino Architecture: The architectural layout of the Riviera, blending opulence with accessibility, became a blueprint for many subsequent establishments. Its design not only enhanced the aesthetic appeal but also improved patron flow, making it easier for guests to navigate.
The impact of these contributions can be measured by how they shaped the expectations of visitors in the years that followed. The Riviera opened the door for others, establishing a standard that many sought to emulate
Enduring Memories
For many who experienced the Riviera, the memories created there are lasting impressions that stay well past checkout time. Events and experiences shared within its walls became integral to personal histories, influencing perceptions of Las Vegas as a whole. Some of the enduring memories include:
- The Glamour of Live Shows: For countless patrons, the performances at the Riviera—the glimmer of the spotlight, the thrill of the applause—represented a pinnacle of entertainment. Many came to associate the Riviera with special occasions and unforgettable nights, making it a cherished chapter in their lives.
- A Social Hub for Diverse Communities: The Riviera attracted a varied clientele, becoming a melting pot of culture and stories. Over the years, diverse groups gathered to share laughter, excitement, and camaraderie. For many, the casino was a backdrop for connections made and friendships formed, spanning across generations.
- Memories of the Final Days: Even in its twilight, the Riviera held a nostalgic allure. The final days saw a convergence of old-timers reflecting on their first visits alongside newcomers eager to experience a piece of history before it faded into memory. This farewell created a poignant tapestry of experiences that linger in the heart.
"The Riviera was not just a casino; it was an institution steeped in history, nostalgia, and unforgettable moments that shaped not only gambling culture but also many lives that crossed its threshold.”
The legacy of the Riviera Las Vegas continues to resonate in the collective memory of the city, reinforcing its importance as both an iconic landmark in gambling and as a cherished venue of shared human experiences.
Ending
The Riviera Las Vegas stands as a beacon of nostalgia in the sprawling landscape of casinos and entertainment. Its journey from a glamorous opening in 1955 to its eventual closure in 2015 offers valuable lessons in business, culture, and the evolution of leisure. Understanding this landmark provides crucial insights not just into its historical significance but also into what modern-day casinos can learn from its legacy.
Reflections on its Influence
The influence of the Riviera transcends its flashy neon lights and glitzy shows. It altered the course of gambling culture, weaving itself into the very fabric of Las Vegas. While the glimmer of the Strip has often been dictated by newer establishments, the Riviera's legacy lays the groundwork for what casinos aspire to be. It introduced a certain flair and a distinctly Las Vegas vibe, captivating visitors with its offerings of glamour and excitement. The stars that graced its stages, from Frank Sinatra to Liberace, were not just entertainers; they were cultural phenomena that cemented the Riviera as a pilgrimage for fans of music and performance art.
Moreover, the Riviera was not merely a hotel and casino; it was a social hub. For years, it served as the go-to spot for both high rollers and casual tourists alike. The social dynamics within its walls helped to break down barriers, making it a melting pot of diverse backgrounds and experiences. This interaction laid the groundwork for a more inclusive gambling culture, showcasing the ability of such venues to unite individuals through shared excitement and entertainment.
Future Perspectives
Looking ahead, it is clear that the legacy of the Riviera continues to shape the future of the Las Vegas Strip. As newer developments rise from the ashes of its former glory, the influence of the Riviera can still be felt. The blending of tradition with modernity is key in contemporary casino management strategies.
With new ventures emerging on the site of the Riviera, the lessons learned from its operational successes and failures are more relevant than ever. Future establishments can benefit greatly by combining innovative technologies with the rich history that venues like the Riviera have established. Keeping the essence of entertainment alive while adapting to consumer preferences offers a roadmap for success.
As the urban landscape continues to evolve, embracing a dual respect for the past and excitement for the future will ensure that the gambling culture remains vibrant and relevant. The Riviera may have closed its doors, but the conversations it sparked and the memories it created will live on, serving as both a cautionary tale and an inspiration in the ever-changing tapestry of Las Vegas.
